Leon Golub (Bite your tongue) at London's Serpentine Gallery

After a couple of Hours of Philosophy (there'll be more about the ongoing battle with Pragmatism I'm having in another post) I decided to reward myself by paying a visit to Serpentine - some time since I've visited and new exhibitions now on.

Serpentine like Kensington Gardens itself is generally a pleasure and to see and learn of Artists new to me feels worthwhile - it is also improved of late with respect to permitting (flash-less) photography.

To visit with preconceptions is (on balance) I think a good thing by the end of an hurried trip across what was a sample of about 50 years of his output I felt I knew a little of him and his influences - so I could then do a little research to find out more on his oeuvre ( which is some would say a slightly pretentious way of saying 'body of work').

The influence of Photo Journalism is clear

To me it seems that Golub carried with him a weight of war experiences and only in the later part of his career did his works  become pre-occupied with his own mortality (and as a result of his own physical limitations his work became far smaller).

An evocative image of interrogation

 I learn  that Leon Golub had a long (and happy?) marriage to rights activist and fellow artist Nancy Spero - they remained politically engaged through their time together.





For me the most satisfying works on display were those from the Mercenary series around 1980, the earlier neo-abstract works felt a little derivative and the later irregular-ised canvases a little mannered.

One of Golub's near trademark flourishes is the hacked canvas.

Somewhat pleased with myself (smug perhaps) that having thought I recognised something in the work looking back I see an image of Golub's captured at Tate Modern in December 2012 (another work representing   War).

Trying to get a grip on Pragmatism (again)

Well tomorrow's the second session on 'Pragmatism' in City Lit's tour of 20th Century Philosophy so I decided  to see if I can get any closer to capturing something of the intention ahead of class:

Important

A useful reference

Probably useful to start again with the time line of what is known as Pragmatism but I will add this time the precursors and successors so:

Kant (precursor) 
C S Peirce (relabelled it Pragmaticism when he felt it had strayed from the earlier conception)
William James
John Dewey (Decided instrumentalism was a better term)
Rorty
Dennett

I kicked off with looking at a dictionary definition (the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy nonetheless) - well as you can imagine this was not an answer in itself, it did though hint at the schisms within what is known as Pragmatism and allude to the influence of Kant and reference F C S Schiller's Pragmatic credentials .

And pleased to meet you

Another book that provides an interpretation is Introducing Philosophy by Robert C Solomon, it says:

pragmatism A distinctly American philosophical movement founded by Charles Sanders Peirce at the turn of this century and popularized by William James and John Dewey. Its central the­sis is obvious in its name, that truth (etc.) is always to be determined by reference to practi­cal (pragmatic) considerations. Only those metaphysical distinctions that make some difference in practice are worth considering, and the only ultimate defense of any belief is that "it works."

and a further (perhaps easier) view of Truth within  Pragmatism is 'defined' by what William James says from  John Lewis's interpretation in 'History of Philosophy'  as:

.. the truth about God, or Freedom, or Immortality. Nor can we disprove these things of course. Yet it is important whether they are true or not. If they are true, then life is enhanced ; if they are not true, we live in doubt and may die in despair. Why not see whether we can live as if they were true? Why not bet on the most optimistic hypothesis ? We can lose nothing. If in the end we are wrong, we have lived our lives hopefully at any rate. If we are right, then we have happiness both in this world and the next. Let us not say we will only believe what can be proved to be true. (page 152)

Pragmatism seems to have been  prone to being renamed and Schiller embraced much of what James categorized as Pragmatism but he himself preferred to  called it Humanism.

Kant

Kant can be viewed as a Pragmatist starting point as  C S Peirce did and in fact there are (of course) papers extolling Kant as a pragmatist one (Kant and Pragmatism by Sami Pihlström) includes this on James

William James famously wanted to see philosophical progress as going “round” Kant instead of going “through” him. However, pragmatism – even James’s own pragmatism – shares several crucial assumptions with Kant’s critical philosophy, to the extent that Murray Murphey was justified in calling the classical Cambridge pragmatists “Kant’s children”.

C S Peirce

Pierce was an interesting character and as well as being something of a libertarian in his private life  was said to be a drug user*. he was though highly able and  something of a polymath in his academic career, one of his disciplines was Logic and his belief was that Philosophy should be 'based on Mathematical Principles'

[ from Charles Sanders Peirce -A life by Joseph Bent * "His father... regularly used ether and opium... He introduced their use as palliatives to his son, who also used them regularly, and in time added caffeine, alcohol, morphine, cocaine, and other drugs, all of which were available without prescription until 1914, the year of his death. Charles became a sophisticated multiple drug user and, by the time he was forty, if not earlier, an addict."]

William James

James was a psychologist and a  religious man, not surprisingly as the brother of Henry he was also a more than capable writer. (You can find out more about him with Melvyn Braggs' In Our Time).

Hi own ideas for Pragmatism glory in their rejection of exactitude and are perhaps stretched to permit his own religious views to survive its rigours

John Dewey 

Dewey led a long life and brought Pragmatism into the second half of the 20th century, one of the things he did was  connected 'Art' to Pragmatism - (odd that as a result of it's vintage  looking at one of the books I own he's a contemporary figure!)
Here's what it says :

Dewey has pointed out that a theory is essentially a guide to action. The object of intelligent conduct, that is to say, conduct guided by a rational view of things, is to discover forms of action by which all the values of life are extended and rendered more secure, including the diffusion of the fine arts and the cultivation of taste, the processes of education and all activities concerned with rendering human relation­ships more significant and worthy. Problem solving solu­tions, in this sense (and not meaning solutions of mere intellectual puzzles) have a claim to truth, to ' warranted assertibility '.

Rorty

I found Richard Rorty ( a living Pragmatist one might say)  useful as a commentator, he says that Pragmatism is

 'Not going beyond senses'

 and that there's

'Nothing to be said about Truth (like God)'

Rorty also places the Pragmatist historically saying that at a time of progress the requirement for philosophical answers changes as we anticipate a better time for our descendants.

Bertrand  Russell and concluding 

Of course any philosophical thread of value has its detractors and Pragmatism had a powerful opponent in the British Philosopher Bertrand Russell who said..

"James is committed to the truth of ‘Santa Claus exists’ (Russell 1949: 772)"

My problem is more that Pragmatism does seem to be a big church and riddled with inconsistencies depending who you take as your reference

[Footnote 1- How lucky many of us are to have to hand things like scanners linked to OCR- I recall my first hand held scanner attached to a PC around 20 years ago when I was in France - we've made big steps forward on this - Voice recognition is still facing challenges though]


[Footnote 2 Transubstantiation- really finding this 'idea' and the split of the church it epitomises as interesting - The big question for me is how it can be accepted today and conversely how for some if you have 'faith' you might wish to deny it.]

70 years on ..

Well along with general election coverage on the News there are a couple of other stories that have drawn my attention, one is the terrible way a young man's life was brought to an end in Baltimore and the civil unrest that followed, another the bravery of many when their countries were invaded by the German Nazis during the Second World War and the final one a story of a brave woman who died to early in Pakistan .

We're small and might be insignificant 

 Baltimore

Sometimes we can forget that the USA had a system similar to that of South African apartheid  until the 1960's and that not surprisingly the consequences of this inhuman treatment of a large section of the population is still affecting US society.

The fact that America has such a high number of black males held in prison, a death penalty in many states and a heavily armed police force all tends to lead to bad outcomes- be great if progress to a fairer kinder society there could be made a little quicker- undoubtedly Obama's term as President has been a positive influence.

WW II Resistance in Holland

We sometimes seem to have the brains of a bird

Listening to a Dutch woman speaking on the radio this morning, I was reminded of the invasion of Holland and the bravery shown by so many in defending the Jewish citizens against their persecution, so many incredible individuals be they Communists, Christians or the non-aligned who put their lives on the line for something they believed to be right - Anne-Frank was not a single isolated case, you can find so many more from here.

Sad death of Sabeen Mahmud

But sometimes we do good and surprising things

One of the the things I fear I might lose when my Economist subscription runs out is their unique selection of people who get included in their obituaries- the people are not always the ones that you'll hear on the radio or see in the daily papers

This week the inspirational person I'd not heard of was a Woman in Pakistan, Sabeen Mahmud, read about her here and then perhaps reflect and try to emulate her in some positive way.

In a weeks time..

In a weeks time we'll have some idea of how the UK voted and what sort of government we'll have..

Last night I watched a fair amount of the three UK major party leaders being grilled by an audience of voters on the BBC's Question Time - the consensus was that members of the public scored some good 'goals' with their questions.

I'm not sure how worried London voters are about the SNP

Now I (like most people) have my own preferences and priorities around the sort of issues and society I'd like to see but I do feel that we are lucky to have what appears to be a civilised debate and politicians who seem to genuinely care and  take their responsibilities seriously.

Cameron, Clegg and Miliband have all spent the last weeks travelling, being interviewed and pose for various photo opportunities - this is not an easy ride and for me being away from home, answering the same questions repeatedly  and having to do really long days would be pretty tiresome.

How much difference the appearances on TV and the press 'persuasion' (which is so blatant in many of the papers as to be laughable)  has on the electorate is difficult to calculate.

Don'tknow if this will win over 'hard working families'

I would like to see a more democratic and inclusive system for running government and making big decisions  but until that happens I do think it is worth voting and feel privileged to be able to do so.

A view I hold against the vote Labour and you'll get the SNP (or vice-versa in Scotland) is vote Cameron and you'll get that devious and questionable character Boris Johnson - I do not believe he should run the country (or even a chip shop) but he is positioning himself to lead the Tory party either in opposition or when Cameron moves out.


[Interesting to see that the respected business paper the  FT has come out in favour of another Tory/Lib-Dem coalition]